Nowruz 1404

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Forensics

VLESS

What do you know about VLESS?
Flag format: FMCTF{DestinationIP_UUID}

We're given a couple TCP packets where there's only one stream of TCP packets

..Z....C.......%m...k..
%.Hi

..Hello

Please give me flag format

oh ok
this is flag format
FMCTF{DestinationIP_UUID4}
for example: FMCTF{1.1.1.1_34cdbd88-7466-45c2-9287-364a9f02ecd6}

Thanks <3

bye

Okay so it's just a flag format that doesn't give us much information.

We can try to find out what VLESS is in this website

Based on the website, VLESS has the following request and response

To extract the data, we'll use the hex stream from the previous TCP stream.

00875aa716c9aa43eebea09dbcbe87256d0001046b017f0d2501

48690a

000048656c6c6f0a

506c656173652067697665206d6520666c616720666f726d61740a

6f68206f6b0a

7468697320697320666c616720666f726d61740a464d4354467b44657374696e6174696f6e49505f55554944347d0a

666f72206578616d706c653a20464d4354467b312e312e312e315f33346364626438382d373436362d343563322d393238372d3336346139663032656364367d0a

5468616e6b73203c330a

6279650a

Based on the VLESS format for requests and responses, we can simply take the first hex stream

solve.py

import uuid
import socket

hex_payload = "00875aa716c9aa43eebea09dbcbe87256d0001046b017f0d2501"
data = bytes.fromhex(hex_payload)

offset = 0

protocol_version = data[offset]
offset += 1

uuid_bytes = data[offset:offset+16]
equivalent_uuid = str(uuid.UUID(bytes=uuid_bytes))
offset += 16

add_info_length = data[offset]
offset += 1

additional_info = data[offset:offset+add_info_length]
offset += add_info_length

instruction = data[offset]
offset += 1

port = int.from_bytes(data[offset:offset+2], byteorder='big')
offset += 2

address_type = data[offset]
offset += 1

if address_type == 0x01:
    address = socket.inet_ntoa(data[offset:offset+4])
    offset += 4
elif address_type == 0x04:
    address = socket.inet_ntop(socket.AF_INET6, data[offset:offset+16])
    offset += 16
elif address_type == 0x03:
    domain_length = data[offset]
    offset += 1
    address = data[offset:offset+domain_length].decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')
    offset += domain_length
else:
    address = None

request_data = data[offset:]

print("Protocol Version:", protocol_version)
print("Equivalent UUID:", equivalent_uuid)
print("Additional Info Length (M):", add_info_length)
print("Additional Info (ProtoBuf):", additional_info)
print("Instruction:", instruction)
print("Port:", port)
print("Address Type:", address_type)
print("Address:", address)
print("Request Data:", request_data)

Output

Protocol Version: 0
Equivalent UUID: 875aa716-c9aa-43ee-bea0-9dbcbe87256d
Additional Info Length (M): 0
Additional Info (ProtoBuf): b''
Instruction: 1
Port: 1131
Address Type: 1
Address: 127.13.37.1
Request Data: b''

Flag: FMCTF{127.13.37.1_875aa716-c9aa-43ee-bea0-9dbcbe87256d}

KaB

i would've given you the challenge, but that would've been too easy
Hint: the image is your carrier
Hint2: Pixel order is left to right, Up to down, In red channel

Given a Pcapng file containing a couple HTTP and TCP Requests.

The main highlight of this challenge is that we have a couple interesting endpoints.

The endpoints are:

/key -> Im_THE_kyE
/KaB_Doc.pdf -> PDF File
/steg.png -> Normal Image

Based on the hint given from the author, we have to make a script to extract the pixels data from the image using the given key and pdf files as a guidance.

solve.py

from PIL import Image

img = Image.open("download.png")
r, g, b = img.split()
red_channel = list(r.getdata())

key_str = "Im_THE_kyE"
key_bytes = [ord(c) for c in key_str]  
key_bitmaps = [
    f"{byte:08b}" for byte in key_bytes
]

secret_bits = []
key_len = len(key_bitmaps)
for i, carrier_byte in enumerate(red_channel):
    key_bitmap = key_bitmaps[i % key_len]
    
    carrier_bin = f"{carrier_byte:08b}"
    
    for bit_pos, kbit in enumerate(key_bitmap):
        if kbit == "1":
            secret_bits.append(carrier_bin[bit_pos])
            
def bits_to_bytes(bits):
    return [
        int("".join(bits[i : i + 8]), 2) for i in range(0, len(bits) - len(bits) % 8, 8)
    ]
secret_bytes = bits_to_bytes(secret_bits)
try:
    secret_message = bytes(secret_bytes).decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
except Exception as e:
    secret_message = f"Decoding error: {str(e)}"
print(secret_message[:200])

Flag: FMCTF{haha_ypu_unlocked_bitmap}

Cryptography

Robin's Mystery

Robin’s friend used an unusual RSA setup, and now he can’t decrypt his own message! Can you step in and use a special technique to recover the plaintext?

The challenge is quite straight forward. we can get the n and the e from the public key and solve it using fermat theorem

n_e.py

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from Crypto.Util.number import *

pub_key_pem = b"""
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGcMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GKADCBhgKBgGjpRi/Hr5oN5NS219dZrq6nW7AC
Y7fUItXAvbgy0TtagVKO2goQiOssL331b7zRjMvdHkEBR4bTd+hHblmynO+2//fz
4DmVgdgMnrP54+2RSzguEGS1ONX4MpJonBsEGGc1IOiKECiwIbl4DkyTxl6AnFsz
ZI2E+lLDZnX5P44FAgEQ
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
"""

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa

# Load public key
pub_key = serialization.load_pem_public_key(pub_key_pem, backend=default_backend())

# Extract n and e
n = pub_key.public_numbers().n
e = pub_key.public_numbers().e

print(f"n = {n}\ne = {e}")

Output

n = 73671169113692412161518091695991074472499960503340036931063401833844789007180020715886458582760614423768286510200921468682879797651585778343666370976746242033960964171883195866661042323420463092656546940842903827382288624493399406855771112920858499309807681038473688274738183488216155275283711673441904987653
e = 16

solve.py

from Crypto.Util.number import *
from math import isqrt

n = 73671169113692412161518091695991074472499960503340036931063401833844789007180020715886458582760614423768286510200921468682879797651585778343666370976746242033960964171883195866661042323420463092656546940842903827382288624493399406855771112920858499309807681038473688274738183488216155275283711673441904987653
e = 16
cipher_bytes = b'\x10\xc4\xbf\xfapg\xee\x00\xe4\xcd\x00\xb4i\xf5\x801\xdd\xafm\xb1\xad\x8dy\x01\xaa\x14\xd1\xa3\x14[\xdf\xc8c\xb1\xf4\xcb\xcf\xf0\xf9\x83\x85%\x19\xd2d>N\x9aR\xa4\xba\xc9\xda\xd8\xe4\xa2\x9cg%.\xac\xd7\xb5\x95\x7f\x87\x04?\xf7\xe4\x06(\xe7l\x1c"c\x95\x90z\xd4\x8b\x9f\x1b\x00\xc67\xe4\x82g\xc4b\x10\x8c\xe7s[\x95-TB+Z;\xe4\x00\x11<\xc51K\xec\x94ZL\xb2\xf9\x7fp<\xe6C\xf8\x7f\x90\x0bG\xcf'
c = bytes_to_long(cipher_bytes)

def isSquare(n):
    return isqrt(n) ** 2 == n

def fermat_factor(n):
    a = isqrt(n)
    if a * a < n:
        a += 1
    b2 = a * a - n
    while not isSquare(b2):
        a += 1
        b2 = a * a - n
    b = isqrt(b2)
    return a - b, a + b

p, q = fermat_factor(n)
print("p =", p)
print("q =", q)

def get_16th_root(a, p):
    T = (p - 1) // 2
    d = inverse(16, T)
    r = pow(a, d, p)
    if pow(r, 16, p) != a % p:
        raise ValueError("No valid 16th root found modulo p")
    return r

c_mod_p = c % p
c_mod_q = c % q

r_p = get_16th_root(c_mod_p, p)
r_q = get_16th_root(c_mod_q, q)

solutions_mod_p = [r_p, (-r_p) % p]
solutions_mod_q = [r_q, (-r_q) % q]

def crt(moduli, residues):
    p, q = moduli
    r1, r2 = residues
    inv_q = inverse(q, p)
    inv_p = inverse(p, q)
    x = (r1 * q * inv_q + r2 * p * inv_p) % (p * q)
    return x

solutions = []
for sol_p in solutions_mod_p:
    for sol_q in solutions_mod_q:
        candidate = crt([p, q], [sol_p, sol_q])
        solutions.append(candidate)

for i, cand in enumerate(solutions):
    cand_bytes = long_to_bytes(cand)
    print(f"Candidate {i}:")
    print("Hex:", cand_bytes.hex())
    try:
        decoded = cand_bytes.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        print("Decoded:", decoded)
    except Exception as ex:
        print("Decoding error:", ex)
    print("------")

Flag: FMCTF{S0lv3d_w1th_R4b1n_fx777}

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